The cone of Vulcano and its most recent crater (La Fossa) captured in the instant of a "Vulcanian" explosion (ashes, with clasts of various sizes and dense "bread crust" bombs), which occurred about 14 minutes after another similar which gave the column of cineretic vapor vanishing on the left (Photo taken by O.Silvestri on 14 February 1889 at 4,14 pm).
Bread crust bomb erupted from La Fossa di Vulcano in 1889, during the most recent eruption of the island (1888-1890). In the background of the photo you can see the lower parts of the northern flank of the cone and a part of the lava flow of Pietre Cotte (Photograph by G. Mercalli).
This topic includes the study of the dynamics of eruptive and post-eruptive phenomenologies; the observation of processes through local and remote measurement techniques, aimed at quantifying the physical and chemical variables that describe the phenomena and their dynamics; the development of conceptual, analogical, statistical and theoretical-computational models of the eruptive processes of explosive and effusive volcanism, from the emptying of the magma reservoir, to the ascent of the magma in the crust up to the various eruptive manifestations on the surface and in the atmosphere. It also includes the study of the dynamics of connected phenomena (eg phreatic explosions, slope collapses, landslides, tsunamis, lahars, natural outgassing, secondary volcanism, etc.).